Elements | Carbide generation function | Quenching influence |
Tempering influence |
Ferrite influence | Main Effect |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Si | Reverse function (graphite) | Quenching Improved | Tempering resistance is strong. Maintain the hardness by solution treatment | Harden or lower toughness P>Si>Mn |
|
Mn | Strong Cr>Mn>Fe |
High Cr>Mn>Ni |
Tempering resistance is weak Cr/Si>Mn>Ni |
Reinforce ferrite after solution treatment and Increase toughness Mo>Mn>Ni |
|
P | Weak | Increased by quenching crack | Increase tempering resistance |
Harden magnificently after solution treatment, but brittleness is also big. |
|
S | No influence to quenching crack |
|
|||
Cr | Very strong W>Cr>Mn |
big | Avoid softness | Harden slightly |
|
Ni | Fe>Ni (graphite) |
Quite high, remain Austenite for high car-bon | without tempering resistant | Increase toughness and hardness |
|
Cu | raise slightly, half of Ni | Without tempering resistant (precipitation hardening at 450-600℃) |
|
||
W | Very strong | small quantity but big | Tempering resistant big Secondary hardening big |
Aging hardening be big when harden magnificently |
|
Mo | Strong Mo>Cr |
big (Mo>Cr when solution) | Avoid tempering brittleness. Tempering resistance big. Secondary hardening big |
Increase toughness |
|
V | Strong Ti / Nb >V>Mn |
Very big when do solution | Tempering resistance big. Secondary hardening is the maximum |
Be slightly harden |
|
Co | Same as Fe | Reverse affect (decrease quenching) | Keep hardness after solution | Be harden after solution |
|
Al | Fe > Al (graphite) |
Small | Be harden after solution |
|
|
Ti | Strongest | Big in solution | 2nd hardening | Be harden after solution Fe-Ti alloy have aging hardening |
|
[ Notes ] Not to influence with back face in the hardness test of indenter impression